Biography of the St. Francis Xavier Free Essay Example, 1500 words

They can sail for Palestine, Ignatius decided that the instance should be used up partly in hospital labor at Venice and then afterward in the expedition to Rome. Francis dedicated himself for nine weeks to the hospice for the incurables and afterward set out with eight friends for Rome, where then Pope Paul III authorized their endeavor. Heading back to Venice, St. Francis was feted priest on a Midsummer Day 1537; but the eruption of conflict between Venice and Turkey put a stop to the Palestine mission, and the company broke apart for a year for some home duty labor in the Italian towns. Francis and Nicolas Bobadilla went by themselves initially to Monselice and then from there, they headed to Bologna, where they stayed until recalled to Rome by Ignatius just at the close of 1538. Francis was among the supreme missionaries as he descended from a noble kin- Basque family- and his mentor St Ignatius Loyola. They did meet in Paris, at a point in time in which Xavier was a motivated a nd proud chap. nevertheless, for close to three years, Ignatius was enduring with him and did encourage him to consider his days in a different way. We will write a custom essay sample on Biography of the St. Francis Xavier or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page For almost a decade since his entrance into India, he went around India-, for example, sections of south India as well as West Indies, and afterward went to Japan. He was filled with ambition that he even went to the point of attempting to get authorization to go into China as a missionary. Ignatius kept St. Francis at Rome till 1541 as secretary to the Society of Jesus. Meanwhile king of Portugal, Jo o III, had decided on distributing a mission to his many Indian dominions, and furthermore had applied through his emissary Pedro Mascarenhas to the then pope for a team of six Jesuits.

Nurse Manager Paper - 732 Words

Nurse Manager Paper NUR 4301 Nursing Seminar The nurse manager I selected to interview is a Baccalaureate degree nurse and has attended several in-house training sessions related to her position within the hospital. She attended Lenoir Rhyne University to obtain her BSN and has been employed with the institution for 13 years and has been in nursing for nearly 20 years. She is currently certified as a Certified Emergency Nurse (CEN) and is also a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner. The Hospital that she is employed with is a private hospital she manages a 15 bed emergency department and 6 bed express care facility, which also holds several involuntary commitments for several hours at a time waiting on placement. This nurse manager†¦show more content†¦She has an open door policy and considers her employees to be like family. She expects her employees to maintain a positive attitude and if they do not have one she helps them to achieve a positive attitude. The major challenges that she expressed to me were und erstaffing and constant bickering between certain female co-workers. With regard to understaffing, corporate has not offered any viable solutions, due to non-peak times in the ER. This means at times it is either feast or famine. The staff knows this and tends to simply suck it up and pull together when it gets busy. When co-workers come to her with a complaint she takes time to discuss the matter in depth and non-judgmentally with the employee, surprisingly in most cases she stated that after the discussion it turned out that the problem originated with the one filing the complaint. She further works with the person on strategies to be a more effective interpersonal communicator and soon the problems lessen or resolve entirely. The nurse manager stated that her vision for her unit was to have her entire staff be clinically sound and function confidently under adverse client load. She expects upmost teamwork from her staff and expects the unit to operate efficiently with upmost rega rd for staff and client safety. She went on to add that she was initially unsure about being a nurse manager, she was encouraged to apply by her the Administrative Director and once promoted, she was given littleShow MoreRelatedA Few Good Men By Tom Cruise1631 Words   |  7 Pagescould be used by nurse managers across the country when they are caught between representing their front line nursing staff and trying to appease upper management personnel during hospital budget discussions. The 3 lines are: â€Å"You need me on that wall, you can’t handle the truth, and YES I ordered the CODE RED†. If you have seen the movie you might agree with the analogy. If you have not seen the movie, but are a nurse, more than likely you have experienced it. The author of this paper will attempt toRead MoreNew Managerial Tools and Technology for Nurses1000 Words   |  4 PagesNew Managerial Tools and Technology for Nurses The purpose of this paper is to review some of the managerial tools and technology used my nurse managers to promote managerial control and increase performance of employees. The days of sitting at nurses’ station and hand writing the documentation into the patients’ chart are long gone. While it did take longer to establish computers into the world of patient care, computers have evolved to accommodate the complex needs at hospitals and other medicalRead MoreEvaluation Of A Customer Relation Assignment : Observation Of Three Different Healthcare Service Organizations1324 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper discusses the results from a customer relation assignment which was designed to create knowledge through observation of three different healthcare service organizations. This technique provided ample amounts of information on how different healthcare facilities handled costumer relations. The paper is written in a first person experience and covers the following infor mation such as type of the organization and services provided at each of them. Then the paper will continue to explain theRead MoreCommunication Is Not Just A Verbal Form1667 Words   |  7 Pagessigns. One study states that 93% of communication is more affected by body language, attitude, and tone, leaving only 7% of the meaning and intent based on the actual words (Hughes, 2008). Communication is not just a verbal form; when the practice managers are facing difficulties communicating with physicians, they consider nonverbal communication. To avoid confrontation, critical information can be transmitted via handwritten notes, e-mails, or text messages. Methodology Questions were asked of fourRead Moreâ€Å"You Need Me On That Wall†.In An Excellent Movie From 19921637 Words   |  7 Pagescould be used by nurse managers across the country when they are caught between representing their front line nursing staff and trying to appease upper management personnel during hospital budget discussions. The 3 lines are: â€Å"You need me on that wall, you can’t handle the truth, and YES I ordered the CODE RED†. If you have seen the movie you might agree with the analogy. If you have not seen the movie, but are a nurse, more than likely you have experienced it. The author of this paper will attempt toRead MoreNurse Staffing Ratios Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesNurse staffing ratios Running head: NURSE STAFFING RATIOS Nurse Staffing Ratios Maureen K. Halstead Grand Canyon University: Theories and Concepts in Leadership and Management/451V September 15, 2012 Nurse Staffing Ratios Over the past number of years there has been a nursing shortage which has led to the need of more registered nurses in the hospital setting. This is due to the uprising acuity of patient care and a decrease in there overall hospital stayRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is An Ever Growing Problem1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthe profession. â€Å"Addiction among nurses has been recognized by professionals in the field for over 100 years, and current estimates place rates of substance misuse, abuse, and abdication as high as 20% among practicing nurses† (Monroe et al., 2011, p. 504). This is alarming because nurses are in a position where they cannot afford to be mentally or physically impaired because they are dealing with the lives of different individuals on a consistent basis. In this paper I am going to hit several issuesRead MoreLeadership And Management Of Magnet Hospitals1279 Words   |  6 Pagesnursing school and throughout most of one’s career, nurses are taught to look at what is wrong. Nursing diagnoses are made based on a problem or potential problem with an intervention to achieve an outcome for which the nurse is accountable. While this method is effective in designing a nursing care plan for a patient, it is not the most effective way of diagnosing the problems within a facility that is suffering from poor nurse satisfaction, nurse retention, and nursing shortages. Rather than focusingRead MoreLeaders and Managers in Health Care1015 Words   |  5 PagesLeaders’ and Managers’ Impact on Health Care Healthy working areas are necessary in preserving positive interactions amongst nurses and between the patients and the nurses. The stressors within nursing may cause burnout and nonattendance or absenteeism which then may cause a shortage in health care (Shirey, 2006). A leader is vital in helping to maintain retention of the nursing population as this person will have positive influence on the environment where nurses practice. A smooth operatingRead MoreNurse Turnover And Nurse Retention1315 Words   |  6 Pages Nurse Turnover and Nurse Retention Stephanie Williams NURS- 411.01 Issues and Leadership in Nursing Delaware State University The nursing shortage in healthcare has been a highlighted issue for many years. With the ever-growing health care system, hospitals and healthcare facilities often find themselves searching for ways to acquire new nurses and retain their very own. Throughout the years, the number one solution to this problem remains the same: decreasing nurse turnover

The Holucast Essay Example For Students

The Holucast Essay The Holocaust was a very bad thing in history. Millions died in the concentration camps and when and if they were liberated they would come home to no family. I can imagine how it felt to be a Jew in the Holocaust. The Jews went to their physical and mental limit just to avoid death. If we do not live our lives fully then we are wasting the gift of life. I dont think its fair to waste our life, because many people worked a lot harder than us to have life, while they were not able to have it. If life is not protected then we are giving in to death, which is the very thing the Jews fought to avoid. But always remember the quote, Whoever forgets the past, is doomed to repeat it. If we do not remember the suffering of the Jews, we could be sentencing ourselves to the same pain. Finally, I know that the only way to fully live life is to have life eternally through Jesus Christ. Holocaust is defined as, the wholesale destruction and loss of life. We will face our own holocaust, because I know that I will someday die. Just as Americans came to the rescue of the Jews, Jesus Christ came to rescue me when he died for me. He lived through his own holocaust so that I wont have to. If we simply trust that Jesus will save us from death, just as the Jews believed that someone would rescue them from death, we can have true eternal life

Theoretical Construct and Issue for Sweden Different Facets of Homogeneous Society and Cultural Hegemony

Sweden is a country with a long history which is now regarded as one of the world’s â€Å"most advanced nations in terms of politics, social welfare, gender equality, standard of living, technology, the arts, and participation in regional and global developments† (Nordstrom 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Theoretical Construct and Issue for Sweden: Different Facets of Homogeneous Society and Cultural Hegemony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This country was also characterized by homogenous population throughout centuries, but increasing immigration which took place in the twentieth century has changed the demographic situation in the country. Nevertheless, Swedish culture and Swedish values are still being promulgated in the country. However, according to Witoszek and Trà ¤gà ¥rdh cultural hegemony in Sweden has led to many issues concerning minorities living in the country (196). In the contemporary globalized world many argue that homogeneity can be the clue to cultural sustainability, but sometimes hegemony of culture can lead to various unexpected outcomes. In this paper I argue that cultural hegemony in Sweden led to such negative outcomes as development of extreme forms of nationalism which threatened democracy in the country and led to numerous acts of violence. Therefore, in the first place, I will touch upon peculiarities of cultural hegemony in Sweden and its origins and then I will consider examples of negative outcomes of cultural hegemony in Sweden. As has been mentioned above Sweden was homogenous for a long time. Swedish homogeneity is the major background for the hegemony of Swedish culture. Admittedly, there were the necessary premises to develop such notion as â€Å"Swedishness† (Grà ¶ndahl 22). Sweden culture is based on such â€Å"typical Swedish values like equality, self-criticism, worship of nature† (Gustavsson 503). It is necessary to add that Swedish homogeneity was also possible due to the impact of religion, since the majority of adult population of the country pertain to Lutheran Church and, thus, share the same values (Berggren 573). More so, Sweden is one of those few countries which were not threatened by external attacks (Hjerm). When considering Swedish cultural homogeneity it is important to mention that the country enjoyed political, social and economical stability throughout centuries since after the rapid development in the times of the industrial revolution the country did not have periods of serious economical crisis.Advertising Looking for research paper on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this favorable tendency was interrupted in the 1990s when Sweden faced serious economic recession (Hjerm). It goes without saying that economic constraints influence cultural development of the country. Admittedly, in combina tion with immigration these economical issues can result in the development of extreme nationalism which is one of possible negative outcomes of cultural hegemony. As far as immigration in Sweden is concerned it is necessary to point out that after World War II â€Å"an influx of refugees and labor immigrants took place† (Grà ¶ndahl 22). There were two other major influxes which took place in 1960s and 1980s. Immigrants who came to Sweden were of Finnish and Kurdish origins (Grà ¶ndahl 22). It is necessary to point out that Swedish always had negative attitude toward immigrants which can be explained by their long-lasting homogeneity. In simple words, these people were not accustomed to multinational environment, so they still divided their society in Swedish and others. A number of surveys prove that statement. Thus, the survey held in 1969 revealed the prevalent negative attitude towards immigrants among â€Å"people with little formal education and among the working cla ss†, and among elderly people (Westin 189). Only young people and people who travelled a lot did not reveal negative attitude towards immigrants. The following survey held in 1981 revealed the same results, but the rate of people who positively viewed immigrants was higher, though the negative attitude prevailed. These findings were explained by the fact that young people â€Å"replaced† elderly people (Westin 189). However, the following surveys held in 1987, 1990, and 1993 revealed that the public opinion changed and the number of people who did not oppose immigration decreased dramatically, instead â€Å"xenophobic and racist attitudes† emerged (Westin 189). It is important to note that this was the period of economic recession which, as has been stated above, plays quite considerable role in shaping cultural development. In such periods people start paying more attention to their cultural heritage promulgating ideas of cherishing the past. Admittedly, cultura l â€Å"revival and mobilization occur when the existence of a community or region is threatened† (Ekman 281). It can be expected that in Sweden this process should be held in terms of their major values concerning democracy, religion and equality.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Theoretical Construct and Issue for Sweden: Different Facets of Homogeneous Society and Cultural Hegemony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is necessary to add that often cultural hegemony can result in the development of such negative subcultures as extreme nationalism. In Sweden where the major values are equality and democracy many young (and elderly) people speak of their ethnic supremacy over immigrants, people who have other origins, i.e. â€Å"others†. This can be explained by the fact that †¦subordinated groups offer resistance to the hegemony of elite culture; they create subaltern popular cultures and contest for a voice in the dominant public sphere. (qtd. in Martin and Nakayama 312) In times when no economical or political constraint occur, the subordinated groups may reveal their protests via music, looks (punk, Goths, etc.). However, when difficult economical conditions influence people’s well-being the protest can acquire extreme forms. Thus, within Swedish culture which promulgates equality, there appear subcultures which promulgate equality among chosen, people of Swedish origin. Therefore, long-lasting cultural hegemony when threatened by appearance of other cultures resulted in numerous cases of violence. Reportedly, the cases of racial violence have increased dramatically during recent years (than 3,000 cases in 2001) (Larsson 4). However, this subculture though has been developing rapidly did not transform into hegemony, and remained within the limits of sub-cultural status. It is possible to get a closer look at the peculiarities of such subcultur es considering the activities of white power movement in Sweden. White power movement is neo-fascist movement which promulgates the supremacy of white race, as opposed to other races and ethnicities (Eyerman 456). White power movement is quite powerful in Sweden. However, to estimate the rate of neo-fascist and extreme nationalistic views it is possible to consider popularity of white power music in the country. Admittedly, those who listen to this music and attend concerts are not necessarily people ready for violent actions, but they are supporters of the sub-culture which promulgates ideas of Swedish supremacy. White power music includes such musical styles as â€Å"country music, folk music, Viking music, black metal or hard-core rock, with some overlap with punk† (Eyerman451). Notably, this subculture has a lot in common with elite culture since it is also based on cultural heritage, i.e. folk songs and music. According to Swedish Council for Crime Prevention Sweden is o ne of the leaders of white power music production worldwide (Eyerman 451). More than 5,000 participants were registered in the recent concert of the white power music.Advertising Looking for research paper on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interestingly, there are 1,500-2,000 core activists within this movement, and the number of sympathizers can hardly be estimated (Eyerman 451). It is important to note that the majority of core activists are males between 25 and 35 years old. They have households and children. The number of female members gradually increases. Thus, the movement’s core activists are not teenagers who only want to reveal their protest to the power. These are people who have some experience and can critically evaluate situation in the country and shape their outlines. The movement was developed several decades ago and became a significant subculture. The development of technology contributed greatly to the spread of the white power music and ideas. Thus, people could visit an official website and find out about the movement more information, and consequently join the subculture. However, increased number of violent actions implemented by neo-fascist organizations made Swedish government and medi a respond (Eyerman 456). Public opinion was against any violence, even though many shared the same negative attitude towards ethnic minorities. Thus, neo-fascist organizations were declared illegal, so this subculture became marginal and more covert. Interestingly, Eyerman provides an explanation for the fact that this subculture was suppressed by those in power. He states that a commonly recognized aspect of Swedish political culture is the role of organized political parties, in absorbing and institutionalizing political protest. The role and relationship of the parties in other words, are central to any emergent collective action. (Eyerman 457) In terms of Intercultural Communication Theory it is possible to restate the same statement in the following way: cultural hegemony in Sweden did not let neo-fascist subculture develop since the latter used too extreme ways of communicating ideas. Thus, when considering cultural hegemony in Sweden it is possible to observe the peculiarity of cultural hegemony (on the whole) which is often characterized by, so to speak, dualistic nature. On one hand, it leads to creation of various subcultures since people pertaining to the culture can oppose some of its values (in case with Swedish neo-fascist organizations did not support the value of equality). On the other hand, cultural hegemony prevents subcultures from further development because the majority of people (those pertaining to elite culture) long to preserve their values. In conclusion, it is possible to state that cultural hegemony in Sweden had some negative outcomes. Numerous acts of violence committed by activists of neo-fascist organizations which formed a certain subculture threatened the order established in the country. However, it is important to point out that the development of extreme nationalistic sub-cultures took place in the period of economical and political constraints. Admittedly, in the times of flourishing cultural hegemony led to unity of the entire nation. As a result, Swedish culture has preserved its historical heritage due to the cultural hegemony. Therefore, cultural hegemony is favorable for the development of any society. However, it is important to be careful and interrupt the development of dangerous subcultures when it is still possible to diminish their influence. Admittedly, Swedish people only start making their first steps in international communication. The process is lengthy and quite complicated. Nevertheless, Swedish culture which promulgates eternal values will make it possible to complete the process successfully. Works Cited Berggren, Niclas. â€Å"Rhetoric or Reality? An Economic Analysis of the Effect of Religion in Sweden.† Journal of Socio-Economics 26.6 (2002): 571-596. Ekman, Ann-Kristin. â€Å"The Revival of Cultural Celebrations in Regional Sweden. Aspeccts of Tradition and Transition.† Sociologia Ruralis 39.3 (1999): 280-293. Eyerman, Ron. â€Å"Music in Movement: Cultural Pol itics and Old and New Social Movements.† Qualitative Sociology 25.3 (2002): 443-458. Grà ¶ndahl, Satu. â€Å"Identity Politics and Construction of ‘Minor’ Literatures: Multicultural Swedish Literature at the Turn of the Millennium.† Multiethnica 30 (2007): 21-29. Gustavsson, Bengt. â€Å"Human Values in Swedish Management.† Management Communication Quarterly 24.4 (2010): 503-528. Hjerm, Mikael. â€Å"Reconstructing â€Å"Positive† Nationalism: Evidence from Norway and Sweden.† Sociological Research Online 3.2 (1998): n. pag. Web. Larsson, Stieg. â€Å"A Study on Racially Motivated Crime and Violence in Sweden.† National Focal Point of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia September (2002): 1-46.  Expo.se. Web. Martin, Judith N., and Thomas K. Nakayama. Intercultural Communication in Contexts, 5/e. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2010. Nordstrom, Byron J. The History of Sweden. Westport, CT: Gr eenwood Publishing Group, 2002. Westin, Charles. â€Å"Neo-Nazism in a Welfare State: The Example of Sweden.† Journal of Conflict and Violence Research 2.2 (2000): 184-206. Witoszek, Nina and Lars Trà ¤gà ¥rdh. Culture and Crisis: The Case of Germany and Sweden. New York, NY: Berghahn Books, 2002. This research paper on Theoretical Construct and Issue for Sweden: Different Facets of Homogeneous Society and Cultural Hegemony was written and submitted by user Karlee Parrish to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Heres What You Need to Know About Lesson Plans

Heres What You Need to Know About Lesson Plans A lesson plan is a detailed step-by-step guide that outlines the teachers objectives for what the students will accomplish during the course of the lesson and how they will learn it. Creating a lesson plan involves setting goals, developing activities, and determining the materials that you will use. All good lesson plans contain specific  components  or steps, and all essentially derive from the seven-step method developed by Madeline Hunter, a UCLA professor and education author. The Hunter Method, as it came to be called, includes these elements: objective/purpose, anticipatory set, input modeling/modeled practice, check for understanding, guided practice, independent practice, and closure. Regardless of the grade level you teach, Hunters model has been adopted and used in various forms for decades by teachers across the nation and at every grade level. Follow the steps in this method, and youll have a classic lesson plan that will be effective at any grade level. It doesnt have to be a rigid formula; consider it a general guideline that will help any teacher cover the necessary parts of a successful lesson. Objective/Purpose Students learn best when they know what they are expected learn and why, says the  U.S. Department of Education. The agency uses an eight-step version of Hunters lesson plan, and its detailed explanations are well worth reading. The agency notes: The purpose or objective of the lesson includes why students need to learn the objective, what they will be able to do once they have met the criterion, (and) how they will demonstrate learning....The formula for the behavioral objective is: The learner will do what with what how well.   For example, a high school history lesson might focus on  first-century Rome, so the teacher would explain to students that they are expected to learn the salient facts about the empires government, its population, daily life, and culture. Anticipatory Set The anticipatory set involves the teacher working to get students excited about the upcoming lesson. For that reason, some lesson plan formats actually put this step first. Creating an anticipatory set means doing something that creates a sense of anticipation and expectancy in the students, says Leslie Owen Wilson, Ed.D. in The Second Principle. This can include an activity, a game, a focused discussion, viewing a film or video clip, a field trip, or reflective exercise. For example, for a second-grade lesson on animals, the class might take a field trip to a local zoo or watch a nature video. By contrast, in a high school class getting ready to study  William Shakespeares play,  Romeo  and Juliet, students might write a short, reflective essay on a love they lost, such as a former boyfriend or girlfriend. Input Modeling/Modeled Practice This step- sometimes called  direct instruction- takes place when the educator actually teaches the lesson. In a high school algebra class, for example, you might write an appropriate math problem on the board, and then show how to solve the problem in a relaxed, leisurely pace. If its a first-grade lesson on important sight words to know, you might write the words on the board and explain what each word means. This step should be very visual, as the DOE explains: It is important for the students to see what they are learning. It helps them when the teacher demonstrates what is to be learned. Modeled practice, which some lesson plan templates list as a separate step, involves walking the students through a math problem or two as a class. You might write a problem on the board and then call on students to help you solve it, as they also write the problem, the steps to solve it, and then the answer. Similarly, you might have first-grade students copy the sight words as you spell each out verbally as a class. Check for Understanding You need to make sure students understand what you have taught. One easy way to do this is to ask questions. If youre teaching a lesson on simple geometry to seventh-graders,  have students practice with the information you just taught, says the  ASCD (formerly the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development). And, be sure to guide the learning. If students dont seem to grasp the concepts youve just taught, stop and review. For the seventh-graders learning geometry, you may need  to repeat the previous step by showing more geometry problems- and how to solve them- on the board. Guided and  Independent Practice   If youre feeling like the lesson plan involves a lot of guidance, youre right. At the heart, thats what teachers do. Guided practice provides  each student a chance to demonstrate her  grasp of new learning by working through an activity or exercise under the teacher’s direct supervision. During this step, you might move around the room to determine your students level of mastery and provide individual help as needed. You may need to pause to show students how to successfully work through problems if they are still struggling. Independent practice, by contrast,  can include homework or seatwork assignments, which you give to the students to complete successfully without the need for supervision or intervention. Closure In this important step, the teacher wraps things up. Think of this phase as a concluding section in an essay. Just as a writer wouldnt leave her readers dangling without a conclusion, so too, the teacher should review all key points of the lesson. Go over any areas where students might still be struggling. And, always, asked focused questions: If students can answer specific questions about the lesson, they likely have learned the material. If not, you may need to revisit the lesson tomorrow. Tips and Hints Always gather all needed supplies ahead of time, and have them ready and available at the front of the room. If youll be conducting a high school math lesson and all students will need are their textbooks, lined paper, and calculators, that makes your job easier. Do have extra pencils, textbooks, calculators, and paper available, though, in case any students have forgotten these items. If youre conducting a science experiment lesson, make sure you have all of the ingredients needed so that all students can complete the experiment. You dont want to give a science lesson on  creating a volcano  and find out once students are gathered and ready that youve forgotten a key ingredient like baking soda. To ease your job in creating a lesson plan, use a  template. The basic lesson plan format has been around for decades, so theres no need to start from scratch. Once you figure out what kind of  lesson plan  you will be writing, then you can determine the best way to use the format to fit your needs.

Capitalism and Calvin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Capitalism and Calvin - Essay Example John Calvin's letter on usury of 1545 made it clear that when Christ said "lend hoping for nothing in return," He meant that we should help the poor freely. Following the rule of equity, we should judge people by their circumstances, not by legal definitions. Humanist that he was, Calvin knew there were two Hebrew words translated as "usury." One, neshek, meant "to bite"; the other, tarbit, meant "to take legitimate increase." Based on these distinctions, Calvin argued that only "biting" loans were forbidden. Thus, one could lend at interest to business people who would make a profit using the money. To the working poor one could lend without interest, but expect the loan to be repaid. To the impoverished one should give without expecting repayment. The arguments in Calvin's letter on usury are amplified in Charles du Moulin's Tractatus commerciorum et usurarum, redituumque pecunia constitutorum et monetarum, written in 1542 and published in Paris in 1546. Du Moulin ("Molinaeus") developed a utility theory of value for money, rejecting Aquinas' belief that money could not be rented because it was consumed. This attack on the Thomist understanding of money was taken up by Spanish commentators. Domingo de Soto, concerned about social justice, suggested that Luke 6:35 was not a precept, since it has no relation to the justice of lending at interest. Luis de Molina, writing in the late sixteenth century, agreed. He suggested that there was no biblical text which actually prohibited lending money at interest. ( in Noonan, 1957) By the second half of the sixteenth century Catholics and Protestant alike were increasingly tolerant of the idea that the legality of loans at interest was determined by the intentions of the parties involved. Theologians... The researcher of this essay states that before we go on discussing how Calvin contributed to capitalism, we firstly need to discuss the word capitalism. If we are to look in the modern world, we can see that trade is characterized by an exchange of goods which brings in profits to the seller. The researcher explaines that this is the idea behind Capitalism – to make profits from an investment. Products are manufactured from raw materials then sold at a price higher than the cost of production. The idea of applying interest on loans, which is the spirit of capitalism, was widely condemned in ages past. Calvin was part of a society that had forbidden the lending of money at interest for 750 years. By 1544 Calvin had "formulated a doctrine about lending money at interest". John Calvin’s letter on usury of 1545 made it clear that when Christ said â€Å"lend hoping for nothing in return,† He meant that we should help the poor freely. In essence, the Calvinist Puritan leaders of the Reformation or those who were influenced by Calvin, believed that profitable undertakings, that gave the world a perfect recipe for capital accumulation by regarding frivolous spending as equivalent to sin. It is also maintained that without this attitude, Europe would never have acquired enough capital to launch the capitalist system. The Calvinists or the Reformed divinity were less bound to precedent and adjusted itself rapidly to the new economy. With this idea of practicing thrift, they became a successful merchant class and thus capitalism grew.

SS402B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

SS402B - Essay Example tion procedures to be followed, procedures of assessment reporting, requirement documenting, confidentiality, procedures of recording, policies and procedures for continuous improvement, assessment cost, links with industrial system relations, link with quality management system, procedures of assessment appeal, policies in support of grievances of candidates, and arrangement s of partnership. In order to test and tag the electrical equipment to be used for assessment, there are a number of steps that shall be followed to ensure that this is done appropriately. First, the assessor will identify the equipment that needs to be tested then have them recorded in the register of electrical testing. The technical assistant needs to have calibrated the equipment within at least twelve months. Secondly the assessor would take a risk assessment of the equipment to find out the relevant testing frequency. The time frames for the equipment would also be set. A person who is competent would be engaged in the equipment testing. Thirdly, the tags and grant for electrical testing should be provided to the sites so as to help in the portable electrical equipment testing. The number of host sites would be identified, and resourced by testing tags and testing appliances. The training would then be organized for the electrical testers that are nominated. Fourthly, the individual sites would engage the trained staff members to take part in the testing. This trained staff member contacts the host sites so as to make an arrangement of access to the tags and testing equipments. From the hazard assessment and evaluation of risks in the work place of the assessment candidates, there were different types of breaches in the health and safety of the site. The common breaches found were that key precautions of the site were missing. The edge protection for the prevention of falls from a given height was missing managers of the site were poorly trained, the workers on the site had no